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As far as wheel size goes it may be possible to run a 16" wheel after I did my measuring but it will be super close. From the center of the hub to the most outer part of the caliper I measure 7.750 so if the inside of the wheel truly measures 16" you will have a 1/4" of space. To close for me but putting the info out there.
Just catching up on old posts... fascinating what people can do with a mind for fabrication, and the right tools!
You may have figured this out by now, but if I understand your description that you have an absolute max of 15.5 available, I'm pretty sure a 16" rim won't fit. The 16" specification is where the tire bead seats on the rim, so the actual inside diameter of the wheel must be less (by 2x the thickness of the metal).
To test that theory, I went out and measured what I had easily available: a 13" stamped steel rim measures 12 3/4 on the inside (at the widest point), with a sudden drop to about 11 in the middle (where the caliper would be). A 14" alloy rim measures about 13 5/8, tapering to about 12 1/4 at the point where the caliper would need clearance. I've got a 15" alloy somewhere, but it would take a lot of work to unbury the garage to find it.
So, if you want a 16" tire to fit with zero clearance, your rim material would have to be less than 1/4" thick, AND have no taper... and my guess is that the taper is there for strength. A perfectly cylindrical wheel cross section would be much more prone to flexing during potholes.
Very, very cool project. And I'm glad you're strengthening the front suspension to be able to handle the extra stopping power.
- Erik